OP - you SHOULD have been running synthetic all along - from when the car was bought to the end of life ! The turbocharger if nothing else is plenty of reason by itself.
Per my 2000 NB owners manual - any synthetic 5w40 that meets CF4 or better (try to find something that doesn't), some ACEA spec (more applicable to Europe than North America), or anything that meets VW505.00 or its successors. My 360K miles have seen mostly VW505.00 or 505.01, but I have used Rotella T6 (once even to 15,000 miles before oil change! ). I would not hesitate to use the Mobil 1 0w40 Euro car formula that meets VW505.00 .
Speaking of Oil change intrevals - the 10,000 miles for ALH is VERY conservative, since North American ALH did not get the oil life sensor. In Europe, where they do get it, depending on use you could go 30,000 miles or more before that sensor would say oil change time.
I don't know how this would reflect on the PD or CR engines - on my 2015 Golf we have been sticking to the manual recomended 10,000 miles of VW507.